Analysis of Analytical Discrimination Essay -- Essays Papers

Analysis of Analytical Discrimination If one was required to put a definition on analytical discrimination, what would it mean? In the article â€Å"Discrimination is a virtue,† author Robert Keith Miller discusses the word â€Å"discrimination† and its true meanings, stating it as just knowing a difference. So if the question were asked once again, would it be possible to discriminate the appeals used in analytical analysis? Miller presents us stories and examples to point out a â€Å"lost† definition of a word often overheard, but never studied. His use of appeals sides with logos, discriminates against ethos, and makes anti-pathos a reality. His writing appeals to the mind, leaving much to ponder, though these thoughts may be lost in the whirlwind of ink ideas thrown into a paperback debate. This article focuses on different situations to discuss the problems within. This topical discussion is effective being as there are no two clear sides for argument, and no steps to concluding a definite answer. This articles presentation leaves it open for logos, the writer seemingly shuns or does not have the use of ethos and pathos. Miller has written for Newsweek, where this article comes from. He has also written writing handbooks, such as Motives for Writing (McGraw-Hill) and Hodges’ HarBrace Handbook (Harcourt College Publishers). He is an educator in argument techniques, writing Informed Argument: A Multidisciplinary Reader and Guide. The audience for his article is people of open mind and education. His appeals to logic show a need to take apart his examples and examine them to find their meanings. When he presents his ideas, there is a need to understand each situation, and... ...f logos is a main theme in the argument. Miller needs people to think about what he is presenting to have an effect on them. To a concentrated audience, his appeals make a good impression and even some realizations. An argument that offers a change in a language may come as hard for the reader to understand, but Miller presents examples in which he change makes sense to arouse the readers mind. This use of examples may be rampant and unconnected in some aspects, but all do serve the main purpose and relate to the main argument. Miller’s techniques form an informative and interesting essay. I believe that he has found his purpose and offered his point in the best possible way considering the subject matter. In interpreting his essay, Miller’s own words seem to sum it up best: â€Å"Let us be open-minded by all means, but not so open-minded that our brains fall out.†

A Study on the Students Parking Facilities at UITM Shah Alam

TITLE : A STUDY ON THE STUDENTS PARKING FACILITIES PROVIDED BY UITM SHAH ALAM Problem Statement Recently UiTM has provided parking spaces for students at certain lots such as at the marching field (padang kawad), parking zone in front of the Faculty of Engineering and Mawar lot area. Yet, the students don’t make full use of the parking instead, they park at the restricted area such staff parking, visitor, faculty area which makes the situation crowded. Research Objectives 1. To identify the preferences of the students park at the restricted area. 2. To explore whether the parking provided by UiTM is insufficient. . To explain the attitudes and behaviours of the students that park at the restricted area. Research Questions 1. What makes them prefer to park at the restricted area? 2. Does UiTM provides sufficient and convenient parking area at every faculty? 3. Why the students still disobey the rules even though they knew they are restricted or had been summoned? Scope of the s tudies This will be the students who have their own transportation in UiTM Shah Alam. We prefer to use students from Faculty of Communication and Media studies since they have the limited space parking area in a result making the situation crowded. This will be an advantage for us to understand easier why the issue is happening. Plus, the students here are much open minded and out-spoken whenever we talk to them. Methodology 1. Location of the study. The location we’re studying is in UiTM, Shah Alam. We’ll be specifically more to Faculty of Comm and Media studies because the spaces are limited and small for parking areas. It’s a perfect area to study on. 2. Population and Sampling Procedures The population will be among the UiTM Shah Alam students while the samplings will be the Comm and Media studies students. Compared to other students, Mass Comm students are much more responsive. We will give to twenty respondents of MassComm student to get the result. 3. Data Collective Method After we got the result, we will collect them and use SPSS system to make our research more convenient and systematic. We will do in percentage to get better findings. Questionnaire Part A ( Respondent Profile) 1. Gender :MaleFemale 2. Race : MalayBumiputra 3. Religion : IslamBuddhaHinduChristianOthers ________________ 4. Sequence : MC221MC222MC223 MC224MC225MC226 MC227MC226 5. Semester :123 4 5 Part B (preferences of the students’ park at the restricted area) 6. Do you think that parking space are enough for students? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 7. As a student, do you agree to park at Padang Kawad and wait for the bus to go the class? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 8. Do you agree that UiTM should provide more space near to the faculty? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Part C (parking provided by UiTM is insufficient) Reference : 1 – poor2 – fair3 – good 4 – very good5 – excellent |9. How do you think of the parking that provided by UiTM? |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |10. How convenient the parking facilities at UiTM? |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |11. How they manage location of the parking area? |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | Part D (The attitudes and behaviours of the students) 12. The reason of most of Mass Comm students to park near Faculty is because it is easy to them to go to class. Do you agree? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 13. Do you agree that most of the Mass Comm students disobey rules made by UiTM that are restricted to park at the staff parking lots? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 14. Do you agree that students who gets summon from UiTM will change their attitudes? Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

Evolution of Cognitive Psychology - 1105 Words

Running head: EVOLUTION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PAPER Evolution of Cognitive Psychology PSYCH 560 Latrice T. Colbert Julie Bruno, Psy.D September 6, 2010 Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem-solving. Not only is cognitive psychology central to everything a person does in his or her everyday life, it is also central to psychology’s quest to understand how people think and act. Cognitive psychology is a key player within the interdisciplinary field of study termed â€Å"cognitive science.† Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary effort to understand the mind. Cognitive science includes a number of†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, linguist Noam Chomsky challenged Skinner’s S-R view of language. He argued that the concept of stimulus control has no meaning in language. Robinson-Riegler amp; Robinson-Riegler (2008) stated Chomsky’s critique of Skinner was so devastating that it was met by silence from the behaviorist for over a decade; they simply didn’t have a n answer for it.† The movement toward a new science of mind now had undeniable momentum. Conceptually behavior was failing as a satisfactory explanation of behavior. Behaviorism, the dominant explanatory paradigm, was failing. Around the same time that behaviorism was faltering, emerging technologies such as communication systems and computers, provided useful models for describing the process of thinking and investigating its components. The development of computers made a dramatic impact on the newly developing science of the mind. It was made clear that computers could do some intellectual things as well as the human mind. According to Robinson-Riegler amp; Robinson-Riegler (2008) computers could think simple to the way humans think. Computers handle information in three basic stages: input, some type of processing, and output. Humans can be thought of in the same way, taking in information through a sensory system, processing the information, and responding to it. Cognitiv e psychologyShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Cognitive Psychology1054 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology is defined as â€Å"the scientific study of mental processes† (Riegler Riegler 2008, p. 1). During the 1960s, cognitive psychology became an emerging presence in the field of psychology. During this time period, attention to the study of â€Å"how internal states, such as thoughts, feelings, and moods influence behavior† (Cherry 2010, p. 12). Cognitive psychology studies how individuals think, comprehend language, and form beliefs. Human developmentRead MoreThe Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Essay1951 Words   |  8 PagesThe Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Definition of Cognition Cognition is the mental process or faculty of acquiring knowledge by the use of perception, reasoning or intuition. This is the mental process of knowing, which including aspects such as; perception, judgment, attention, reasoning, producing language, remembering, understanding, decision making and solving problems. Cognition is generally defined as the mental process and activity used in perception, remembering and thinkingRead MoreEssay on human evolution1305 Words   |  6 Pageshuman evolution and the history of psychology for the modern psychologist. For the human evolution, the essay will be addressing on how we and other species descended from our ancestors and how the different environment has helped to us to become more adaptable. Regarding the history of psychology, the essay will be discussing on how psychology branched off from the philosophy approach to become its own science. The essay will then go on discussing how the understanding of both human evolution a ndRead MoreCognitive Psychology Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Cognitive Psychology Plynia Welty Psych 560 June 11, 2012 Brian Uldall Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology embarked on a revolutionary journey since the era of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Dr. King, 2012). St. Aquinas was the pioneering mind behind the idea that behavior can be divided into two areas, cognitive and effect. Logging empirical research on a subject provides practitioners a comprehensive view of the subject matter (Dr. King, 2012). In relationRead MoreBiological Psychology1169 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Psychology Kirstyn Mixa PSY/340 November 19, 2010 Brigitte Crowell Biological Psychology As a study, psychology has many branches within itself. Each thought of psychology throughout history has brought about another school of psychology. Psychology or philosophy enthusiasts and scholars alike have taken interests in not only understanding the themes of psychology but have contributed to the creation of another branch. So, of course, somewhere along the line was the dawning ofRead MoreCharles Robert Darwin and his Revolutionary Ideas1111 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Charles was one of six children and came from a long line of scientists. His grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, created the theory of evolution and his father, Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, was a well known medical doctor in his community. When Charles was 16, in 1825, his father sent him to Edinburgh University to study medicine, in hopes that Charles would also become a medical doctor. However, three years into hisRead MorePerspect ives of Psychology1141 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Psychology Psychology can be defined as the systematic study of mental processes, couple with behaviors, and experiences (Kalat, 2011). There are many ways in examining, mental processes and behaviors among people, and therefore psychologist uses different perspectives to understand how human beings, think, act, and behave. Some psychologist uses one perspective to analyze behaviors, and other uses a multidimensional approach. Carter Seifert (2013) identified 7 major perspectivesRead MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamentalRead MoreCognitive Psychology And The Management And Treatment Of Mental Illness1352 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses and there similarities and differences. AC1.1, AC3.1 Biological psychology looks at the biological aspects of behaviour. It looks at how the brain s structure, chemistry, activity and genetic make-up etc. relates to behaviour. Cognitive psychology focuses on the way the brain processes information, how people perceive, understand, make decisions about and remember information. Cognitive psychologists would put information in to be processed and then see what the brain doesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture And How Studying Psychology Can Improve Critical Thinking818 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove the future is the inherent mission of history. The study of psychologies past endeavors to help future generations of psychology-minded individuals how the past discoveries that were implemented, and altered within the field. As with any history, knowing the successes, and possible mistakes in the within the field development can only assist future experiences. In examining the history of the psychology, upcoming psychology students are able to t alk over the age-old debate of nature versus

The Importance Of Writing An Outstanding Academic Essay

Throughout a student’s life he will have to write numerous numbers of essays and during that time he will have to overcome a lot of hurdles to accomplish writing an excellent essay. Majority of students hate writing essays because it requires serious intellectual thought and pulling together of ideas. A lot of students will be irritated and have absolutely no interest in creating an essay due to them having no idea on how to start. I m sure things would be easier for students if he had a guideline or pathway built for them on how to create an essay. With some experience and research I have concluded the five important things to remember in writing an outstanding academic essay. To ease your anxiety we must first understand that every essay needs a strategy. We primarily need to do some research on the topic we are going to be writing on. It will allow us to have a plan to gather the most important points. This will be very crucial for us as this will be the starting platform of our essay. Students can use multiple tools to there advantage such as the library, the academic databases and some online resources. We must also pay attention to the information we are gathering it from, as some will not be a reliable source, such as the Wikipedia. Students will have to collect as much information that is useful for them to create their essay from the ground up. This will allow us to analyze an argument for the essay and to brainstorm an insight of our own. However, theShow MoreRelatedAcademic Writing : What Is It And How Successful A Writer Am I?1229 Words   |  5 Pages Academic Writing: What is it and How Successful a Writer Am I? When it comes to writing, many would say that there are two distinct â€Å"camps†: those who like to write, and those who do not. It is not unusual to find many members of the former group exploring this enjoyment through the domain of creative writing. Further, creative writing allows for a great deal of free reign. This field of writing allows the writer an all-access pass to self-expression. What is more, creative writing oftenRead MoreArt Is All Around Us Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesare vital to a well-rounded education; more than half rate the importance of arts education a â€Å"ten† on a scale of one to ten.†(Sandra S. Ruppert). However, no college student is obligated to take an introduction class to dance, drawing, music, or drama. Although it has been proven many times, students involved in some type of art form, do better in school, many colleges do not offer these classes. According to the article, The Importance of Fine Arts Education,  "Sufficient data exists to overwhelminglyRead MoreWhy Plagiarism Is Important For Academic Integrity?1731 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the Role of Plagiarism in regards to Academic Integrity? Plagiarism, â€Å"the act of using another person s words or ideas without giving credit to that person: the act of plagiarizing something† (Merriam-Webster, 2017), is said to be reaching epidemic proportions (Park,2003). Throughout history, plagiarism has been an issue, however, the severity and the implications where not fully understood until the development of the printing press in the 17th century. Now in the age of information sharingRead MorePersonal Skills for Business Management Students Essay1805 Words   |  8 Pagessemesters, reflect on the development of your academic and generic skills. Identify your strengths and weaknesses, and suggest areas which you need to improve or develop, including the strategies you will use to do so. Student ID: 1185897 Effective academic and personal skills are not inborn; they are something one can work on and develop through practice and reflection. Taking the Personal Skills module significantly aided my personal and academic development in that it helped me identify keyRead MoreA Speech On The School Improvement Process Essay874 Words   |  4 Pages we began by reviewing the standards, format, and expectation for the CAT School Improvement Modules. Next week, I will spend all day Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday assessing the March CAT. I will provide you all feedback on your Nutmeg H.S. CAT essays after I calibrate myself during next week’s assessments. I will provide you feedback and a score on your Nutmeg H.S. response. On April 30th, I am going to give you a second practice CAT. If necessary, I will give you a third prompt before you takeRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1243 Words   |  5 PagesWilde produced critically acclaimed literary works that defined t he essence of late Victorian England. 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Though I remain wary of committing myself too prematurely to a specific topic of research, as I’m keen to other topics such as the Anglo-American relations in the light of the new strategic importance that the United States is giving to the Asia-Pacific region, I am eager to elaborate, modify, complicate or discard my original assertions about the Balance of Power theory and British Foreign policy in the XVIII and it current state. Indeed, manyRead MoreZora Neale Hurston A Genius of the South Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough others. Understanding Zora Neale Hurston’s typical themes and concerns in her body of literary work not only helps her readers analyze her short story, â€Å"Sweat,† but also helps readers appreciate Hurston’s significance in the canon of women’s writing. Hurston’s career appeared at the paths of her success as a writer and an anthropologist (â€Å"Hurston,† Gale). 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The Current Situation Of Customization Within The Fashion...

ntroduction. The purpose of this report is to review the current situation of customization within the fashion industry and to discuss how this may effect the industry as whole in the future. By examining a range of recently written reports, aritcles and websites involving the customisation of fashion the report will briefly describe the history of modern fashion as a whole, the evololution of the consumer mindset towards customisation in fashion and the different types of customization in fashion today. the report will then consider the future of customized fashion and what it may offer consumers in the following years. Background. Customisation especially within the fashion industry is not a new concept although over the past 15†¦show more content†¦Begging in the early 1700’s with Rose Bertin, a french fashion designer empolyed by queen marie antiontte empolyed to produce unique and one of pieces for the queen. Haute couture continued into the 18th century with the wealthy and elite who would travel to paris for customised and unique garments and bring them back to their own towns to be copied by local dress makers. It wasn t until the mid 1800’s with charles fredrick worth that dress making was truly revolutionised. Worth made it so that dressmakers become artisans of garments: a fashion designer. Worth would prapare a portfolio of designs that where often shown on live models. Clients would then select a modem specify colors, and fabrics and would then have a duplicate garments tailor made to the clients specifications in worths workshop. Worth was the first person to combine individual tailoring with a standardisation of the ready to wear clothing industry which was also developing in the same time period. Numuours couture houses have opened since worth but have since closed or become â€Å"luxury fashion† due to it often costing more than it earns throughh sales. these companies have since moved to â€Å"luxury products† that are mass produced such as ready to wear clothing, shoes, perfumes and sunglasses that offer the company much larger returns. By the late 1950’s dressmaking and bespoke tailoring where almost completely irrelevant completely replaced by the cheaper options

Angels Demons Chapter 62-63 Free Essays

string(56) " that mean anything to you\?† â€Å"Not a thing\." 62 Langdon’s progress around his side of the Pantheon was being hampered somewhat by the guide on his heels, now continuing his tireless narration as Langdon prepared to check the final alcove. â€Å"You certainly seem to be enjoying those niches!† the docent said, looking delighted. â€Å"Were you aware that the tapering thickness of the walls is the reason the dome appears weightless?† Langdon nodded, not hearing a word as he prepared to examine another niche. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 62-63 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Suddenly someone grabbed him from behind. It was Vittoria. She was breathless and tugging at his arm. From the look of terror on her face, Langdon could only imagine one thing. She found a body. He felt an upswelling of dread. â€Å"Ah, your wife!† the docent exclaimed, clearly thrilled to have another guest. He motioned to her short pants and hiking boots. â€Å"Now you I can tell are American!† Vittoria’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"I’m Italian.† The guide’s smile dimmed. â€Å"Oh, dear.† â€Å"Robert,† Vittoria whispered, trying to turn her back on the guide. â€Å"Galileo’s Diagramma. I need to see it.† â€Å"Diagramma?† the docent said, wheedling back in. â€Å"My! You two certainly know your history! Unfortunately that document is not viewable. It is under secret preservation in the Vatican Arc – â€Å" â€Å"Could you excuse us?† Langdon said. He was confused by Vittoria’s panic. He took her aside and reached in his pocket, carefully extracting the Diagramma folio. â€Å"What’s going on?† â€Å"What’s the date on this thing?† Vittoria demanded, scanning the sheet. The docent was on them again, staring at the folio, mouth agape. â€Å"That’s not†¦ really†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Tourist reproduction,† Langdon quipped. â€Å"Thank you for your help. Please, my wife and I would like a moment alone.† The docent backed off, eyes never leaving the paper. â€Å"Date,† Vittoria repeated to Langdon. â€Å"When did Galileo publish†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Langdon pointed to the Roman numeral in the lower liner. â€Å"That’s the pub date. What’s going on?† Vittoria deciphered the number. â€Å"1639?† â€Å"Yes. What’s wrong?† Vittoria’s eyes filled with foreboding. â€Å"We’re in trouble, Robert. Big trouble. The dates don’t match.† â€Å"What dates don’t match?† â€Å"Raphael’s tomb. He wasn’t buried here until 1759. A century after Diagramma was published.† Langdon stared at her, trying to make sense of the words. â€Å"No,† he replied. â€Å"Raphael died in 1520, long before Diagramma.† â€Å"Yes, but he wasn’t buried here until much later.† Langdon was lost. â€Å"What are you talking about?† â€Å"I just read it. Raphael’s body was relocated to the Pantheon in 1758. It was part of some historic tribute to eminent Italians.† As the words settled in, Langdon felt like a rug had just been yanked out from under him. â€Å"When that poem was written,† Vittoria declared, â€Å"Raphael’s tomb was somewhere else. Back then, the Pantheon had nothing at all to do with Raphael!† Langdon could not breathe. â€Å"But that†¦ means†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes! It means we’re in the wrong place!† Langdon felt himself sway. Impossible†¦ I was certain†¦ Vittoria ran over and grabbed the docent, pulling him back. â€Å"Signore, excuse us. Where was Raphael’s body in the 1600s?† â€Å"Urb†¦ Urbino,† he stammered, now looking bewildered. â€Å"His birthplace.† â€Å"Impossible!† Langdon cursed to himself. â€Å"The Illuminati altars of science were here in Rome. I’m certain of it!† â€Å"Illuminati?† The docent gasped, looking again at the document in Langdon’s hand. â€Å"Who are you people?† Vittoria took charge. â€Å"We’re looking for something called Santi’s earthly tomb. In Rome. Can you tell us what that might be?† The docent looked unsettled. â€Å"This was Raphael’s only tomb in Rome.† Langdon tried to think, but his mind refused to engage. If Raphael’s tomb wasn’t in Rome in 1655, then what was the poem referring to? Santi’s earthly tomb with demon’s hole? What the hell is it? Think! â€Å"Was there another artist called Santi?† Vittoria asked. The docent shrugged. â€Å"Not that I know of.† â€Å"How about anyone famous at all? Maybe a scientist or a poet or an astronomer named Santi?† The docent now looked like he wanted to leave. â€Å"No, ma’am. The only Santi I’ve ever heard of is Raphael the architect.† â€Å"Architect?† Vittoria said. â€Å"I thought he was a painter!† â€Å"He was both, of course. They all were. Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael.† Langdon didn’t know whether it was the docent’s words or the ornate tombs around them that brought the revelation to mind, but it didn’t matter. The thought occurred. Santi was an architect. From there the progression of thoughts fell like dominoes. Renaissance architects lived for only two reasons – to glorify God with big churches, and to glorify dignitaries with lavish tombs. Santi’s tomb. Could it be? The images came faster now†¦ da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Monet’s Water Lilies. Michelangelo’s David. Santi’s earthly tomb†¦ â€Å"Santi designed the tomb,† Langdon said. Vittoria turned. â€Å"What?† â€Å"It’s not a reference to where Raphael is buried, it’s referring to a tomb he designed.† â€Å"What are you talking about?† â€Å"I misunderstood the clue. It’s not Raphael’s burial site we’re looking for, it’s a tomb Raphael designed for someone else. I can’t believe I missed it. Half of the sculpting done in Renaissance and Baroque Rome was for the funeraries.† Langdon smiled with the revelation. â€Å"Raphael must have designed hundreds of tombs!† Vittoria did not look happy. â€Å"Hundreds?† Langdon’s smile faded. â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"Any of them earthly, professor?† Langdon felt suddenly inadequate. He knew embarrassingly little about Raphael’s work. Michelangelo he could have helped with, but Raphael’s work had never captivated him. Langdon could only name a couple of Raphael’s more famous tombs, but he wasn’t sure what they looked like. Apparently sensing Langdon’s stymie, Vittoria turned to the docent, who was now inching away. She grabbed his arm and reeled him in. â€Å"I need a tomb. Designed by Raphael. A tomb that could be considered earthly.† The docent now looked distressed. â€Å"A tomb of Raphael’s? I don’t know. He designed so many. And you probably would mean a chapel by Raphael, not a tomb. Architects always designed the chapels in conjunction with the tomb.† Langdon realized the man was right. â€Å"Are any of Raphael’s tombs or chapels considered earthly?† The man shrugged. â€Å"I’m sorry. I don’t know what you mean. Earthly really doesn’t describe anything I know of. I should be going.† Vittoria held his arm and read from the top line of the folio. â€Å"From Santi’s earthly tomb with demon’s hole. Does that mean anything to you?† â€Å"Not a thing.† Langdon looked up suddenly. He had momentarily forgotten the second part of the line. Demon’s hole? â€Å"Yes!† he said to the docent. â€Å"That’s it! Do any of Raphael’s chapels have an oculus in them?† The docent shook his head. â€Å"To my knowledge the Pantheon is unique.† He paused. â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But what!† Vittoria and Langdon said in unison. Now the docent cocked his head, stepping toward them again. â€Å"A demon’s hole?† He muttered to himself and picked at his teeth. â€Å"Demon’s hole†¦ that is†¦ buco divolo?† Vittoria nodded. â€Å"Literally, yes.† The docent smiled faintly. â€Å"Now there’s a term I have not heard in a while. If I’m not mistaken, a buco divolo refers to an undercroft.† â€Å"An undercroft?† Langdon asked. â€Å"As in a crypt?† â€Å"Yes, but a specific kind of crypt. I believe a demon’s hole is an ancient term for a massive burial cavity located in a chapel†¦ underneath another tomb.† â€Å"An ossuary annex?† Langdon demanded, immediately recognizing what the man was describing. The docent looked impressed. â€Å"Yes! That is the term I was looking for!† Langdon considered it. Ossuary annexes were a cheap ecclesiastic fix to an awkward dilemma. When churches honored their most distinguished members with ornate tombs inside the sanctuary, surviving family members often demanded the family be buried together†¦ thus ensuring they too would have a coveted burial spot inside the church. However, if the church did not have space or funds to create tombs for an entire family, they sometimes dug an ossuary annex – a hole in the floor near the tomb where they buried the less worthy family members. The hole was then covered with the Renaissance equivalent of a manhole cover. Although convenient, the ossuary annex went out of style quickly because of the stench that often wafted up into the cathedral. Demon’s hole, Langdon thought. He had never heard the term. It seemed eerily fitting. Langdon’s heart was now pounding fiercely. From Santi’s earthly tomb with demon’s hole. There seemed to be only one question left to ask. â€Å"Did Raphael design any tombs that had one of these demon’s holes?† The docent scratched his head. â€Å"Actually. I’m sorry†¦ I can only think of one.† Only one? Langdon could not have dreamed of a better response. â€Å"Where!† Vittoria almost shouted. The docent eyed them strangely. â€Å"It’s called the Chigi Chapel. Tomb of Agostino Chigi and his brother, wealthy patrons of the arts and sciences.† â€Å"Sciences?† Langdon said, exchanging looks with Vittoria. â€Å"Where?† Vittoria asked again. The docent ignored the question, seeming enthusiastic again to be of service. â€Å"As for whether or not the tomb is earthly, I don’t know, but certainly it is†¦ shall we say differente.† â€Å"Different?† Langdon said. â€Å"How?† â€Å"Incoherent with the architecture. Raphael was only the architect. Some other sculptor did the interior adornments. I can’t remember who.† Langdon was now all ears. The anonymous Illuminati master, perhaps? â€Å"Whoever did the interior monuments lacked taste,† the docent said. â€Å"Dio mio! Atrocits! Who would want to be buried beneath piramides?† Langdon could scarcely believe his ears. â€Å"Pyramids? The chapel contains pyramids?† â€Å"I know,† the docent scoffed. â€Å"Terrible, isn’t it?† Vittoria grabbed the docent’s arm. â€Å"Signore, where is this Chigi Chapel?† â€Å"About a mile north. In the church of Santa Maria del Popolo.† Vittoria exhaled. â€Å"Thank you. Let’s – â€Å" â€Å"Hey,† the docent said, â€Å"I just thought of something. What a fool I am.† Vittoria stopped short. â€Å"Please don’t tell me you made a mistake.† He shook his head. â€Å"No, but it should have dawned on me earlier. The Chigi Chapel was not always known as the Chigi. It used to be called Capella della Terra.† â€Å"Chapel of the Land?† Langdon asked. â€Å"No,† Vittoria said, heading for the door. â€Å"Chapel of the Earth.† Vittoria Vetra whipped out her cell phone as she dashed into Piazza della Rotunda. â€Å"Commander Olivetti,† she said. â€Å"This is the wrong place!† Olivetti sounded bewildered. â€Å"Wrong? What do you mean?† â€Å"The first altar of science is at the Chigi Chapel!† â€Å"Where?† Now Olivetti sounded angry. â€Å"But Mr. Langdon said – â€Å" â€Å"Santa Maria del Popolo! One mile north. Get your men over there now! We’ve got four minutes!† â€Å"But my men are in position here! I can’t possibly – â€Å" â€Å"Move!† Vittoria snapped the phone shut. Behind her, Langdon emerged from the Pantheon, dazed. She grabbed his hand and pulled him toward the queue of seemingly driverless taxis waiting by the curb. She pounded on the hood of the first car in line. The sleeping driver bolted upright with a startled yelp. Vittoria yanked open the rear door and pushed Langdon inside. Then she jumped in behind him. â€Å"Santa Maria del Popolo,† she ordered. â€Å"Presto!† Looking delirious and half terrified, the driver hit the accelerator, peeling out down the street. 63 Gunther Glick had assumed control of the computer from Chinita Macri, who now stood hunched in the back of the cramped BBC van staring in confusion over Glick’s shoulder. â€Å"I told you,† Glick said, typing some more keys. â€Å"The British Tattler isn’t the only paper that runs stories on these guys.† Macri peered closer. Glick was right. The BBC database showed their distinguished network as having picked up and run six stories in the past ten years on the brotherhood called the Illuminati. Well, paint me purple, she thought. â€Å"Who are the journalists who ran the stories,† Macri asked. â€Å"Schlock jocks?† â€Å"BBC doesn’t hire schlock jocks.† â€Å"They hired you.† Glick scowled. â€Å"I don’t know why you’re such a skeptic. The Illuminati are well documented throughout history.† â€Å"So are witches, UFOs, and the Loch Ness Monster.† Glick read the list of stories. â€Å"You ever heard of a guy called Winston Churchill?† â€Å"Rings a bell.† â€Å"BBC did a historical a while back on Churchill’s life. Staunch Catholic by the way. Did you know that in 1920 Churchill published a statement condemning the Illuminati and warning Brits of a worldwide conspiracy against morality?† Macri was dubious. â€Å"Where did it run? In the British Tattler?† Glick smiled. â€Å"London Herald. February 8, 1920.† â€Å"No way.† â€Å"Feast your eyes.† Macri looked closer at the clip. London Herald. Feb. 8, 1920. I had no idea. â€Å"Well, Churchill was a paranoid.† â€Å"He wasn’t alone,† Glick said, reading further. â€Å"Looks like Woodrow Wilson gave three radio broadcasts in 1921 warning of growing Illuminati control over the U.S. banking system. You want a direct quote from the radio transcript?† â€Å"Not really.† Glick gave her one anyway. â€Å"He said, ‘There is a power so organized, so subtle, so complete, so pervasive, that none had better speak above their breath when they speak in condemnation of it.’ â€Å" â€Å"I’ve never heard anything about this.† â€Å"Maybe because in 1921 you were just a kid.† â€Å"Charming.† Macri took the jab in stride. She knew her years were showing. At forty-three, her bushy black curls were streaked with gray. She was too proud for dye. Her mom, a Southern Baptist, had taught Chinita contentedness and self-respect. When you’re a black woman, her mother said, ain’t no hiding what you are. Day you try, is the day you die. Stand tall, smile bright, and let ’em wonder what secret’s making you laugh. â€Å"Ever heard of Cecil Rhodes?† Glick asked. Macri looked up. â€Å"The British financier?† â€Å"Yeah. Founded the Rhodes Scholarships.† â€Å"Don’t tell me – â€Å" â€Å"Illuminatus.† â€Å"BS.† â€Å"BBC, actually. November 16, 1984.† â€Å"We wrote that Cecil Rhodes was Illuminati?† â€Å"Sure did. And according to our network, the Rhodes Scholarships were funds set up centuries ago to recruit the world’s brightest young minds into the Illuminati.† â€Å"That’s ridiculous! My uncle was a Rhodes Scholar!† Glick winked. â€Å"So was Bill Clinton.† Macri was getting mad now. She had never had tolerance for shoddy, alarmist reporting. Still, she knew enough about the BBC to know that every story they ran was carefully researched and confirmed. â€Å"Here’s one you’ll remember,† Glick said. â€Å"BBC, March 5, 1998. Parliament Committee Chair, Chris Mullin, required all members of British Parliament who were Masons to declare their affiliation.† Macri remembered it. The decree had eventually extended to include policemen and judges as well. â€Å"Why was it again?† Glick read. â€Å"†¦ concern that secret factions within the Masons exerted considerable control over political and financial systems.† â€Å"That’s right.† â€Å"Caused quite a bustle. The Masons in parliament were furious. Had a right to be. The vast majority turned out to be innocent men who joined the Masons for networking and charity work. They had no clue about the brotherhood’s past affiliations.† â€Å"Alleged affiliations.† â€Å"Whatever.† Glick scanned the articles. â€Å"Look at this stuff. Accounts tracing the Illuminati back to Galileo, the Guerenets of France, the Alumbrados of Spain. Even Karl Marx and the Russian Revolution.† â€Å"History has a way of rewriting itself.† â€Å"Fine, you want something current? Have a look at this. Here’s an Illuminati reference from a recent Wall Street Journal.† This caught Macri’s ear. â€Å"The Journal?† â€Å"Guess what the most popular Internet computer game in America is right now?† â€Å"Pin the tail on Pamela Anderson.† â€Å"Close. It’s called, Illuminati: New World Order.† Macri looked over his shoulder at the blurb. â€Å"Steve Jackson Games has a runaway hit†¦ a quasi-historical adventure in which an ancient satanic brotherhood from Bavaria sets out to take over the world. You can find them on-line at†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Macri looked up, feeling ill. â€Å"What do these Illuminati guys have against Christianity?† â€Å"Not just Christianity,† Glick said. â€Å"Religion in general.† Glick cocked his head and grinned. â€Å"Although from the phone call we just got, it appears they do have a special spot in their hearts for the Vatican.† â€Å"Oh, come on. You don’t really think that guy who called is who he claims to be, do you?† â€Å"A messenger of the Illuminati? Preparing to kill four cardinals?† Glick smiled. â€Å"I sure hope so.† How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 62-63, Essay examples

The Current State of Fitness and Future Trends free essay sample

The Current State of Fitness and Future Trends A paper present to The KSPE Faculty In partial fulfillment Of KSPE 7170 Fall 2007 Contents I. Current State of Fitnessp. 3 II. Future Trends of Fitnessp. 9 The Current State of Fitness Fitness, physical activity, and exercise are things that we all here about in today society. There are fitness workout shows on television, new diets popping up, new pills; new workout exercises that make you look great in â€Å"just two weeks†. This is because in American we are out of shape and just plain ole fat. Adults and children alike are fat. Or babies are fat. You can watch television shows that talk about how this person weight 500 pounds or this child weights 300 pounds. I for one am fat and out of my old playing days shape. America is on a slippery slope and it looks like there is no end in sight of just how big we are going to get. America is the most overweight country in the entire world. This is because we live a very fast paced lifestyle. We live in a world of instance access and gratification. We want things fast and we can not wait for the next thing to consume. Kids now have video games, cable television, computers, and the internet at their finger tips. Why would you ever go outside to play, if you want to play hide and seek, or any sport, you can just plug in your Playstation and play it right now. Technology and the fast pace of society has cause many to become overweight and couple that with no sleep and stress. The one thing that could happen is fat to store and we become more and more unhealthy. American has not always been unhealthy like we are today. We used to be a society of hard workers that ate good meals together as a family. Children used to play outside with other children all day and would not drink soda and eat all the candy that they eat today. But, slowly and surely we have gotten away from our old school mentality of hard work and working outside. But, you can see that we are trying to learn from other countries and develop new ideas into a workable solution for our society. We still have a ton to improve upon and a long way to go before we catch up with where some countries are and where we should be if we did not devalue physical education. No matter what we try to do it seems that physical activity has been pushed aside in today’s fast paced society for more important things and a whole new different lifestyle (Kerner, 2005, p. 6-29). If you look back in time to ancient society, you see that the Greeks and Romans put an emphasis on physical activity. Men were in shape by choice or not. Some people were forced to be physically active because of the manual labor they were forced to endure but others were in classes that developed the mind and body in one. Young men were also forced to join the army at the age of 1 8. This was an honor and soldiers were looked up to and to become a member of society, young men had to be in the army first. Also, you had the gladiators that fought for the amusement of the crowds. They worked out daily not for fun, but for survival. Then came the Olympics. Physical ability came to be looked at in a matter of honor and respect. The better shape you were in, and the better you preformed in the games, the more honor and respect you received. So, even back in the history of the world we see that people liked to see men that were in good physical shape compete in events. This is very similar to the Olympics and other sporting events that we use today as entertainment. You can see in art like the sculpture of â€Å"Atlas† holding the world or â€Å"David† that being in good physical shape like they were portrayed in these works of art, that people see a good toned body as a work of art. Even today, we like to see men and women that are in good physical shape in pictures and on television. As the time moved forward from the Greeks and Romans, we see art portraying men’s finely toned body as a work of art. The body has always been seen as a work of art, but now not just any body was an art work, only those that were toned and in good physical condition. This even went to children as â€Å"John Locke believed that children’s physical needs were more important than their academic needs† (Cazer, Miller, 2000, p. 44). This is different that what most people thought, because the mind was the key, but they also know that to unlock the mind and have full control of oneself, the body must be taught as well. As we look at what countries have influenced our view on physical education we must first look at the Germans. The Germans brought over their schools that taught physical education through gymnastics. Gymnastics has been around for a very long time, so this seems like an obvious place to start when you are teaching people to become and stay active. One of the main figures in the German movement of physical education was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau was an innovator in American society when it came to physical education. Rousseau also believed that children were the key to changing a society and also children should not look so grown up with their clothing. Children should wear clothing that showed that they were young and active and their clothing should reflect that. Rousseau also knew that children must wear different clothing when they were in his gymnastic practices. Another innovator or as he is known the â€Å"Godfather† of physical education, Johann GutsMuths, promoted that the human mind increased its ability with the increase of physical activity (Cazers, Miller, 2000, p. 45). Now we all know that this is in fact very true. I feel refresh and aware whenever I have worked out in the mornings before work and school. GutsMuths was well ahead of his time, even when he faced adversity he pushed thou and is a vital part of the American physical education history. Not to leave any country out America also got different was and techniques of teaching physical education from the Swedish, Danish, and now we are trying to continue to learn from other countries. While all of this new innovation was going on only men and boys were allowed to participate in physical education. Many educated people thought that women and girls could not handle the riggers of physical activity. This was the norm until about thirty to forty years ago when women were allowed to start participating in physical education and then sports. Even way back in istory dating back to the Greeks and Romans, women were looked upon as lesser being and not able to handle activity. Many people thought that women, if engaged in to much activity would bust their blood vessels. Everything that men did women were not allowed to do, from jobs, some schools, and even physical activity. Gyms and schools where gymnastics and other forms of physical activities were being taught, women were not allowed. But, slowly and surely that has began to change. Women were able to start doing some things that males were doing, but at a slower and controlled pace. Women were now allowed to take part in gymnastics and even collegiate sports. But, this came forty-four years after the first collegiate man sport was played. The main reason for all of this change is something called Title IX. Title IX was passed in 1972. Title IX gives women, men, and anyone from all regions, races, and sex a fair playing field when it comes to being treated fairly. Title IX prevents educational programs who receive federal grants and funds from discrimination based on anything listed above. This act has caused a rise in sports teams at schools from around two to an all time high of 8. 2 team per school (Acosta, Carpenter, 2000, p. 142). A recent study that lasted over a fourteen year span of a certain group of seven hundred fifty colleges it is discovered that the number of female athletes has risen 48. 9 percent and the number of female teams has risen 25. 6 percent in that time period (Lipka, 2007, p. 36). This can all be accredited back to the passing of Title IX. Colleges, high school, and middle schools are increasing female sports we have a fast growth in the female athlete and the need of more professional teams. College, high school, and middle school female teams are supported by a good fan base, but some to the same female processional team, like the WNBA are not getting the support they need to grow and develop. Title IX is not just used for sports. It can be applied any where a certain sex is being discriminated against. For example a school that is government funded can not break up classes based solely if a student is a male of female (Shimon, 2005, p. 6-7). There for teachers and coaches alike can not discriminate against students or student athletes because they are male or female. Although most people feel that Title IX is just for women, this is not true. Yes, there are more cases where Title IX has helped females, but this is because males have always been giving an upper hand in physical education and school. But, there are cases like McCormick v. The School District of Mamaroneck, shows us that the local female soccer team wanted the opportunity to play their soccer season in a different semester, but the male soccer team would not be granted the same opportunity and the courts ruled in favor of the male team because both sexes must be given the some opportunities no matter what (BeMiller, 2005, p. 2-14). But, there are other victories for male sports as well; they are just fewer then the opportunities that have been given to females because they started with nothing and have been fighting for equal rights every since Greek and Roman times. But, as mentioned earlier no matter what things educators have done to help our physical activity to increase and giv e equal treatment, it is fact that more children and females are fatter than ever. Obesity is an epidemic right now in this country. And, signs show us that it is only going to increase, with no end or fix in sight. Obese children grow up to hate physical education and thus will continue to be obese adults. Then their children will become obese and the vicious cycle will only continue. Physical educators must find a way to reach these obese children in school and get them to learn the positives of physical activity for life and maybe they will change their ways and lose weight and become healthier. Once, that happens you have a better chance to decrease the next generations children from being so obese. Many experts believe that the reason it is so hard to reach the obese children is because they do not believe in themselves and their abilities, because they have probably been picked on and embarrassed while doing physical activity. Mager (1992) says it best â€Å"those who believe in their ability to perform in a given area will be more likely to strive harder to succeed† (p. 32) This is very true, if physical educators can get obese children moving in physical activity that they can do with other students and succeed in it, then you have given that obese child some confidence and now they will want to participate in other hysical activities that they may feel they can do it and develop good physical active habits that could last a life time. But, you also have to straddle a thin line with female students because some females do not want to be too involved in sports or too fit because they do not want to be accused of being lesbian, especially in college (Waldron, 2007, p. 4 ). Future Trends The burden of physical education and prevention of the spread of obesity is not just the educators alone. Malone (2003) states â€Å"Children’s school behavior is related to children’s home behavior† (p. 88) So, we see that it is the parents fault as well and we need to try to do a very good job of reaching the children now, so that the next generation will have parents that want their children to be healthy and push physical education. But, Carey (1983) says that â€Å"Their (children) ways of doing and thinking have an integrity, a logic of its own, that is mostly well suited to their needs and possibilities† (p. ) So, as you see we need physical educators that can really push physical activity and are enthused and are full of energy and fun to be around. I know that physical educators that I have had helped my shape my view of physical education and physical activity and thus, I have been sort of branded with their views. Green (2000) says â€Å"the way teachers thought about PE had been shaped by their past experiences† (p. 127). The future of physi cal education is up to each and everyone of us, educator or parent. We must get our and other children involved in physical activity. Inclusion is about embracing all students, making a commitment to do whatever it takes to create meaningful opportunities for learning and to provide a community of learning where all student have an inalienable right to belong† (Rizzo, Tripp, Webster, 2007, p. 33) As educators we need to find ways to get maximum participation and get the most of the time we have students. Regardless of mental or physical states we must be able to incorporate those students in things we do. Not always can we reach everyone, because some people do not want to be reached and then we do not need to waste time on those lost people. But as Houston-Wilson and Lieberman (1999) state â€Å"physical education is required by law regardless of a student’s ability level† (p. 130) We need to do every thing possible for the inclusion students to feel comfortable and want to participate. Educators need to adapt and change their ways of thinking and increase the rate of success reaching out and helping students, because inclusion students want to be reached, we could learn from them because they have been adapting their whole life (Sherrill, 2004, p. 20-24). A good approach to this is the instructional approach, because with this approach we maybe could increase the rate of success with the inclusive students by almost creating a sort of inclusive environment (James, Lieberman, Ludwa, 2004, p. 37). In today’s society we need to do as much as we can to help these people feel apart and the same. In many ways they are, and if we create an inclusive environment we can help that even more. Ego, Woodard, and Raymond (1992) state â€Å"Demanding inclusion in our classrooms, parks, and leisure service agencies is no longer a courtesy buy a necessity† (p. 30). Also, we need to help relieve the stress that diverse people feel in the physical education classroom and help them feel that they can do everything that we and every other student can do, but just in a different way. Smith (1992) says â€Å"diverse people come in all sizes, ages, and races. Most have activity needs and stress-related problems† (p. 7-8) As I talked about earlier obesity is a major problem and need to address it before it gets out of hand. As a fat person I understand the stress and hardships that come along with it. I was always an active kid and played sports, worked out, and ran. But, I was still a big boy. I see how some physical educators treat obese kids and it makes me sick. If you have never been fat and lived it, then do not ever try to â€Å"help† by telling me what to do. â€Å"Eat right and exercise† and you will be fit and toned, but this is not always the case. I do not know the answers but, what ever we are doing now is not working. Corbin and Masurier (2006) state â€Å"among the American adult population, 66 percent are overweight and 32 are obese†¦19 percent of children and 17 percent of adolescent are overweight, and 37 percent of children and 34 percent of teens are either overweight or at risk of being overweight † (p. 44-53). Why are we having all of the overweight problems in America? Well the simple answer is technology. Young people have so much at their fingertips and can stay inside and not do anything outside these days. We need to keep people informed and educated on why there is an obesity problem and things they can do to help decrease it (Doolittle, 2007, p. 7-9). I do not see a solution in sight and the problem is only going to grow and grow with every day and year. Schools need to provide adequate space and equipment to their students, and also encourage students to become active in sports on campus or with clubs (Hastie, 2007, p. 0-23). What ever we do we need to be patient, enthused, fun, and positive on everything we teach as educators. We also need to inform parents of what they can do to help themselves and help their children. We are dealing with an epidemic and we need to find a way to improve the situation that we are facing. There is not a quick fix, or just one thing that we can do t o improve the lives of our population. If we can reach our youth right now then maybe we can help our future adult population and thus help our future youth. References Acosta, Vivian, Carpenter, Linda. (2000). Women in intercollegiate sport. Women in Sport and Physical Activity. 9(2), 142 BeMiller, Jim. (2005). Nontraditional seasons for female sports programs: Discriminatory or not? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 76(7), 12-14. Carey, S. (1983). Cognitive development: The descriptive problem. In Gazzaniga (Ed. ). Handbook for Cognitive Neurology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence amp; Erlbaum. Cazers, Gunars, Millar, Glenn. (2000). The German contribution to American physical education: A historical perspective. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 1(6), 44-45. Corbin, Charles, Masurier, Guy Le. (2006). Top 10 reasons for quality physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 78(4), 7-9. Ego, Michael, Raymond, Lisa, Woodard, Michael. (1992). Leisure Today. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 2, 30. Green, Ken. (2000). Exploring the everyday ‘philosophies’ of physical education teachers from a sociologic al perspective. Sport, Education and Society. 5(2), 127. Hastie, Peter. (2007). Physical activity opportunities before and after school. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 78(6), 20-23. Houston-Wilson, Cathy, Lieberman, Lauren J. (1999). Overcoming the barriers to including students with visual impairments and deaf-blindness in physical education. Education of the Visually Handicapped. 31(3), 130. James, Alisa, Lieberman, Lauren, Ludwa, Nicole. (2004). The impact of inclusion in general physical education for all students. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 75(5), 37. Kerner, Matthew. (2005). Leisure-time physical activity, sedentary behavior, and physical fitness among adolescents. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 76(8), 26-29. Lipka, Sara. (2007). GAO examines effects of Title IX. Chronicle of Higher Education. 53(47). 36. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 78(2), 36. Mager, Robert. (1992). No self-efficacy, no performance. Training. 29(4), 32. Malone, John. (2003). Advances in behaviorism: It’s not what it used to be. Journal of Behavioral Education. 12(2), 88. Rizzo, Terry, Tripp, April, Webbert, Linda. (2007). Inclusion in physical education: Changing the culture. 33. Sherrill, Claudine. (2004). A celebration of the history of adapted physical education. Palaestra. 20(1), 20-24. Shimon, Jane. (2005). Red alert: Gender equity issues in secondary physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 76(7), 6-7. Smith, Yevonne. (1992). Are we preparing health, physical educators, and recreators to work effectively with diverse populations? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 2, 7-8. Waldron, Jennifer. (2007). Looking at the past to understand the present: Women and sport. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance. 78(3), 4.